ENSO advances spring phenology of temperate deciduous shrubs more than trees in Southeastern Wisconsin, USA
Research paper
Key message
The 2024 ENSO event advanced the timing of spring phenological phases of native shrubs significantly more than non-native shrubs and native trees in a temperate deciduous woodland fragment in Wisconsin, USA. This suggests that, as spring temperatures warm, shrubs will likely play a pivotal role in forest dynamics including contributing to an earlier onset to the growing period and an early start to CO2 assimilation.
Keywords
El Niño Southern Oscillation; Temperate deciduous trees; Non-native shrubs
Publication
Donnelly, A., Salmon-Tumas, M., Slemmons, C. et al. ENSO advances spring phenology of temperate deciduous shrubs more than trees in Southeastern Wisconsin, USA. Annals of Forest Science 83, 8 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13595-026-01325-x
Data availability
All in situ data for this study are available from the PANGAEA data repository (Felden et al. 2023) under Donnelly (2025). The PhenoCam data are available to download at the following URL https://phenocam.nau.edu/webcam/sites/downerwoods/.
Handling editor
Erwin Dreyer